The carotid sheath is also considered a component of the deep cervical fascia. It surrounds the paraspinous muscles and cervical vertebrae. The deep layer is also known as the prevertebral fascia. It also surrounds the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid, parathyroids, buccinators, and constrictor muscles of the pharynx. It envelopes the strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid muscles). The middle layer is also known as the pretracheal fascia. It also contains the submandibular and parotid salivary gland as well as the muscles of mastication (the masseter, pterygoid, and temporalis muscles). It envelops the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and muscles of facial expression. The superficial layer is also known as the investing layer of deep cervical fascia. The deep cervical fascia is often divided into a superficial, middle, and deep layer. The alar fascia is a portion of the deep cervical fascia. The investing portion of the fascia is attached behind to the ligamentum nuchæ and to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap. The deep cervical fascia (or fascia colli in older texts) lies under cover of the platysma, and invests the muscles of the neck it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column.
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